1. GAS MANUFACTURE Oxygen Bulk production usually by fractional distillation of air. Air is compressed to 5 atmospheres and cooled to -181°C using reverse heat exchangers. A 2-stage distillation process yields 99.5% O2 (and 0.4% argon). Oxygen concentrators are used in remote, field or domestic applications. Molecular sieves contain a zeolite matrix that strongly absorbs N2, CO2 and water.. If pressurised air is applied to one side, some emerges as 95.4% O2 with 4.5% argon on the other; on reverse depressurisation, the absorbed gases are vented away. Two such units in parallel can provide a continuous supply of O2. Plastic membrane filters exist but can only produce about 30-40% O2.
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Dept of Anaesthetics, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
Some of the section dealing with the physics of lasers was written with the help of an article by David Tilbrook, published in the July 1980 issue of Electronics Today International (ETI). That magazine regrettably went out of print some years ago. David's fascinating article was one of the things that sparked my interested in electronics and I am grateful to him.
Part I. LASER PHYSICS
QUANTUM PHYSICS. The universe contains two fundamental quantity types:
- Continuous e.g. velocity
- Quantised e.g. standing waves and harmonics
Many quantities in molecular, atomic and sub-atomic physics are quantised. 'Classical Physics' assumed these were continuous and only after the advent of Quantum Physics (c1900) were working models of atomic structure and electromagnetic radiation possible.
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